This article tells the story of the Ottoman Empire’s fate during the First World War — from its alliance with Germany to its final collapse. You’ll learn about key battles in the Caucasus and the Dardanelles, the internal crises, Arab uprisings, and the fall of Constantinople. It is a story where the end of a great empire marked the beginning of a new one — the Turkish Republic of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

The Tanzimat era marked a decisive turning point in the history of the Ottoman Empire. The mid-19th-century reforms sought to modernize the army, administration, judiciary, and education system, to establish equality before the law, and to save the empire from disintegration. This article explores the causes behind these transformations, the key figures who led them, the contradictions they revealed, and the lasting legacy of the Tanzimat, which laid the foundation for the fu

The Peninsular War (1808–1814) was one of the most dramatic chapters of the Napoleonic Wars. Spain and Portugal became the stage for a fierce struggle of popular resistance, British strategy, and French military power. Discover how the guerrillas, Wellington, and the allied armies broke Napoleon’s empire — and how the war in the Pyrenees changed the course of European history, marking the beginning of the end of French domination.

Napoleon’s Continental Blockade was a vast economic war against Britain and one of the defining strategies of his era. Discover why Napoleon introduced the blockade, how it operated, why Britain managed to circumvent it, and how these events led to the break with Russia and the fall of his empire. The story of the blockade is a lasting lesson about the limits of economic sanctions and the enduring power of global trade.

Why did Napoleon lose in Russia in 1812? Discover the main reasons behind the failure: not just the harsh winter, but also logistical collapse, the “scorched earth” strategy, partisan warfare, and the emperor’s fatal mistakes. A detailed analysis of the campaign that forever shattered the Grande Armée’s power and changed the course of European history. Learn the true cost of the invasion.

Discover Napoleon’s 1798 Egyptian campaign: how a military expedition became a milestone in science. Learn about the discovery of the Rosetta Stone, the monumental work Description of Egypt, and the role of scholars in studying an ancient civilization. A legacy that outlasted military defeat and laid the foundation for Egyptology.

The Congress of Vienna 1815: How Diplomats Redrew the Map of Europe After Napoleon. This article offers a detailed look at the key players (Metternich, Talleyrand), territorial changes, and the principles of “legitimacy” and the “balance of power.” Discover how the Congress’s decisions and the creation of the Holy Alliance shaped the continent’s destiny for decades to come—and why Vienna’s legacy remains relevant today.

Explore Napoleon's exile, from ruling Elba to his final years on Saint Helena. This article delves into his dramatic fall, life under British surveillance, the memoirs that shaped his legend, and his eventual repatriation to Les Invalides in Paris. Discover how his years in captivity transformed the emperor into an enduring icon of history.

Napoleon’s path to the imperial crown is a story of ambition, genius, and cunning. From revolutionary hero in Toulon and Italy to First Consul after the Egyptian campaign and the 1799 coup, discover how he legitimized his dictatorship through reforms and propaganda, created the Napoleonic Code, and crowned himself emperor in 1804. Explore one of the most remarkable rises in history.

The Napoleonic Code: How One Law Changed the World. Explore the legal revolution of 1804! From the chaos of feudal laws to equality among citizens. Discover how Napoleon reshaped the French legal system by creating the Civil Code, whose principles conquered Europe, Louisiana, Egypt, and Latin America. A deep analysis of the legacy and criticism of the greatest legal experiment.

Discover how the Battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815, became the fateful finale for the military genius Napoleon Bonaparte. A deep analysis of his return during the “Hundred Days,” the strategy of the Seventh Coalition, and the pivotal roles of Wellington and Blücher. Explore Napoleon’s critical mistakes, the turning points of the battle, and the reasons behind his crushing defeat. Understand how Waterloo forever changed the map of Europe.

Dive into the fiery saga of Napoleon and Josephine! From the fateful meeting between the widow de Beauharnais and the young general to her coronation as Empress and their painful divorce. Passionate letters, betrayals, the struggle for an heir, and a tragic finale. How did power and love intertwine in the greatest drama of the era? Discover the story where the personal became political, and a feeling outlived an empire.

Battle of Marengo 1800: How Napoleon Snatched Victory from the Jaws of Defeat! Discover the pivotal clash of the Italian campaign where a desperate counterattack changed the course of history. How did Marengo save the First Consul's fragile rule, crush Austria, and pave the way to empire? Explore the strategy, the heroism of Desaix, and the legend forged on the fields of Piedmont. Read our full article!

How did the Sarajevo assassination lead to a global disaster? An analysis of the start of World War I: from Gavrilo Princip’s shot to the fatal decisions of July 1914. Deeper causes—nationalism, alliances, militarism—the July Crisis, and the domino effect. Why did a regional conflict between Austria-Hungary and Serbia turn into a world war? Read a detailed breakdown.

In a world where lawlessness and injustice guarded order, where the aristocracy basked in luxury while the common people drowned in...

How did Napoleon Bonaparte die? Dive into the final days of the emperor in exile on the island of Saint Helena. Explore Napoleon’s agonizing symptoms, the official medical verdict of stomach cancer, and the shocking arsenic poisoning theory. Discover all the details of Napoleon’s autopsy, the causes of his death, and the heated debates among historians. Unravel one of the greatest mysteries of the 19th century!

In 1971, Iran threw an extravagant and exclusive party to commemorate the 2500th anniversary of the Persian empire.